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Geology of West Virginia
West Virginia's geologic history stretches back into the Precambrian, and includes several periods of mountain building and erosion. At times, much of what is now West Virginia was covered by swamps, marshlands, and shallow seas, accounting for the wide variety of sedimentary rocks found in the state, as well as its wealth of coal and natural gas deposits. West Virginia has had no active volcanism for hundreds of millions of years, and does not experience large earthquakes, although smaller tremors are associated with the Rome Trough, which passes through the western part of the state.
==Precambrian origins==
The basement rock of West Virginia was formed during the Grenville orogeny, approximately 1,140 to 980 million years ago, when the land mass today known as Laurentia, the ancestral North American craton, collided with other land masses to produce the supercontinent known as Rodinia.〔Richard T. Williams, William M. Dunne, and Lynn Glover III, "Global Geoscience Transect 20–Central Appalachians: Cratonic North America to the Atlantic Abyssal Plain," in ''International Geology Review'', Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 711–738 (1999).〕 The heat and pressure of this collision melted the existing rock, some of which was pushed down into the mantle, while a high chain of mountains formed on the surface. As these mountains eroded, the underlying layers of granite and gneiss were pushed upward by heavier mantle rocks, and exposed at the surface. This Grenvillian basement rock underlies substantially all of the Appalachian region, from the Ohio valley to the sea, and extends north and south into eastern Canada and Mexico, as well as a part of the Scottish highlands.〔Thomas M. Gathright, II, "Geology of the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia," in (''Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 86'', p. 47 ). (1976).〕
Today, the crystalline igneous rocks of the Grenvillian basement form the core of the Blue Ridge Mountains, also known as the Pedlar formation, where they are exposed. To the west, they are hidden beneath the Valley and Ridge and Appalachian Plateau, while to the east they extend under the Piedmont, coastal plain, and continental shelf. Over hundreds of millions of years, erosion formed a layer of sediment known as the Swift Run formation, extending over substantially all of West Virginia.〔〔West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, ''Generalized Stratigraphic Chart for West Virginia'' (2014).〕 Although Rodinia began to break up between 850 and 750 million years ago, it was not until about 600 million years ago that the Iapetus Ocean began to open up between Laurentia and its neighbors along the region uplifted during the Grenville orogeny. At that time, the craton was rotated approximately 90° clockwise from its present orientation, and was located south of the equator. The rifting process thinned the crust and led to volcanic activity, resulting in a layer of basalt, today known as the Catoctin formation, burying the existing ridges and valleys.〔Richard P. Tollo, James McLelland, Louise Corriveau, Mervin J. Bartholomew (ed.), "Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America," in (''The Geological Society of America Memoir'' No. 197, p. 454 ) (2004).〕〔John C. Reed, Jr., "Ancient Lavas In Shenandoah National Park Near Luray, Virginia," ''(Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1265 )'' (1969).〕
Little of West Virginia's ancient history can be seen at the surface. Only in the extreme eastern panhandle is the Precambrian core of the Blue Ridge Mountains exposed. Except for intrusives, all of the rocks occurring above the Catoctin and Swift Run formations are of sedimentary origin, and most date to the Paleozoic Era.〔
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